Via Kevin Muir of “The Macro Tourist” fame
I have had some bad trades in my day. But lately, one call has been especially atrocious. For the past couple of years, I have taken stabs on the long side of the grain market. At different times, I have held various positions for different lengths of time, but make no mistake – grains have done nothing but cost me money. Sure, I might have a decent sounding argument, The Last Remaining Cheap Asset, but the market is indisputably telling me that I am dead wrong.
And it’s hard to sit and watch the grains go down. Day after day. Week after week. Month after month. Like the slow drip of a leaky faucet that no one can fix, it can drive you insane.
Have a look at the 5-year chart for front month Wheat.
Tough to make money writing any blue tickets with that sort of action. All rallies have been opportunities to sell, not the start of any sustainable uptrend.
This recent grain bear market has pushed the big three contracts (wheat, corn and soybeans) down to near all time lows when measured in real terms.
I don’t want to bother with another forecast about why this time will be different, and how the low will be made in the coming weeks. After a certain number posts, I begin to more closely resemble a degenerate gambler than a cool calculating macro trader (I think that number might be three, which means it’s too late for me, and I do in fact resemble Richard Dreyfuss a whole lot more than George Soros).
And although I poke fun at myself, it’s no laughing matter. The amount of economic pain in farming is downright scary. According to an article in The Guardian, Why are America’s farmers killing themselves in record numbers?, the stress from low grain prices is causing an epidemic amongst the agricultural community.
Once upon a time, I was a vegetable farmer in Arizona. And I, too, called Rosmann. I was depressed, unhappily married, a new mom, overwhelmed by the kind of large debt typical for a farm operation.
We were growing food, but couldn’t afford to buy it. We worked 80 hours a week, but we couldn’t afford to see a dentist, let alone a therapist. I remember panic when a late freeze threatened our crop, the constant fights about money, the way light swept across the walls on the days I could not force myself to get out of bed.
“Farming has always been a stressful occupation because many of the factors that affect agricultural production are largely beyond the control of the producers,” wrote Rosmann in the journal Behavioral Healthcare. “The emotional wellbeing of family farmers and ranchers is intimately intertwined with these changes.”
Last year, a study by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) found that people working in agriculture – including farmers, farm laborers, ranchers, fishers, and lumber harvesters – take their lives at a rate higher than any other occupation. The data suggested that the suicide rate for agricultural workers in 17 states was nearly five times higher compared with that in the general population.
After the study was released, Newsweek reported that the suicide death rate for farmers was more than double that of military veterans. This, however, could be an underestimate, as the data collected skipped several major agricultural states, including Iowa. Rosmann and other experts add that the farmer suicide rate might be higher, because an unknown number of farmers disguise their suicides as farm accidents.
The US farmer suicide crisis echoes a much larger farmer suicide crisis happening globally: an Australian farmer dies by suicide every four days; in the UK, one farmer a week takes his or her own life; in France, one farmer dies by suicide every two days; in India, more than 270,000 farmers have died by suicide since 1995.
The lightbulb
For the longest time, I had no idea why grain prices were so low. It perplexed me. Central Banks around the globe were printing money at an unprecedented pace. All else being equal, you would expect a real asset, like grains, to have rallied in these circumstances. Yeah sure the advances in farming technology might keep the price of grains pressured, but at the same time, demand has also never been higher, so you would expect the debasement of money to eventually win out and send grains prices skyward.
But more importantly, these situations are usually self correcting. Nothing solves the problem of oversupply like low prices. Except this time. Even with the state of farming littered with heartbreaking stories of ruined families, not enough farmers are giving up planting crops to allow the price to rise.
This conundrum would still be a mystery to me, if it wasn’t for one of my sharp readers, who sent me a note last week. It was actually a response to a post I made about Grandma’s Bond Portfolio is in Trouble, but Shaeffer Steward from Nesvick Trading Group, related it back to the grain market in such a unique original way, I felt it was too important not to share.
I suggest that while Kevin’s assessment for the economy in general might be eerily accurate, it is ENTIRELY BACKWARDS for agriculture.
Before you dismiss my hypothesis, hear me out.
I hypothesize that the farm economy is in dire circumstances (recall article I sent you the other day:
Primarily because commodity prices skyrocketed during the 2004-2008 super-cycle triggered by the ethanol buildout combined with huge demand growth out of China and when the GFC occurred in 2007-2008, many sectors of the economy literally collapsed under their own weight but agriculture actually thrived because the QE provided the accelerant to keep things going. You see, agriculture did exactly what you would’ve expected – lower cost of money & greater availability of credit (greater supply) – commodity prices remained rather high so farmers levered up, borrowed money and banks were glad to loan it to them as many were using land as collateralization on loans and after all, the land values were based off of what people were willing to pay (rent) to farm it or what sort of return they needed to make it a worthwhile investment.
What we’ve seen happen is massive leveraging, steadily increasing cost of production (seed, chemical, fertilizer, equipment, insurance, land rents, etc) and now as prices come under pressure due to massive global oversupplies, margins have quickly collapsed and the cost structure hasn’t responded. Instead, farmers have levered up further by refinancing land and/or selling off some land to keep their bankers going along with them and the cycle has continued.
Why would the banks lend to farmers when they didn’t lend to normal citizens? Why would farmers be willing to borrow money when normal citizens weren’t willing to borrow money? Glad you asked.
CROP INSURANCE
Specifically, federally subsidized crop insurance.
Farmers take extraordinary risks doing what they do BUT they now have access (and have had access) to crop insurance that protects a portion of their historical production and/or projected revenue. When I say “a portion” I mean upwards of 75-85%. When I say “federally subsidized crop insurance” I mean that the federal govt pays upwards of 65% of the premium on behalf of the farmer on some crop insurance policies. WHOA.
Let me put figures to it for you. Imagine that you were a farmer and your history showed that your 5 year avg yield (actual production history) on your farm was 55 bu/ac and at planting time the insurance price for soybeans was $10.19/bu. Let’s say that it was going to cost you $550/ac to grow soybeans, so a breakeven type situation if you make ordinary yields at ordinary prices. Imagine that you could guarantee yourself $420.00/ac in revenue ($10.19/bu x 55 bu/ac = $560 bu/ac revenue x 75% coverage = $420 /ac) and it only cost you $3.70/ac. You’re paying $3.70/ac to guarantee yourself $420.00/ac in revenue. Pretty cheap, right? Yes, but the REAL cost of that insurance is more like $8.23/ac with the govt paying $4.53/ac and the farmer paying $3.70.
Granted, there are some situations in which you can lose more and some causes of loss, such as hail are not covered by basic crop insurance and require a separate policy but in the grand scheme of things, the cost of protecting 75% of revenue is reasonable enough that farmers buy it and banks make loans that they might not otherwise make sans crop insurance policies. There is also increased risks because the loss calculations are based on futures prices at planting and harvest time and do not address the cash markets which might have wide, unfavorable basis so it isn’t anywhere near a complete failsafe but enough to keep the borrowed money flowing.
Now we need to put it all together. The relatively “cheap” cost of subsidized crop insurance encourages the farmer to take risks he wouldn’t take otherwise. The balance sheet equity he has goes a lot further if you consider that he “really” only has $130/ac at risk instead of the full $550/ac so he’s willing to a) stay in the game and b) expand his acreage because if he hits a homerun on larger yields and/or higher prices, then JACKPOT!!. If it goes bad, he’s out $130/ac and it doesn’t completely wipe him out – plus he’s using the bank’s money at very low interest rates.
The farmer not only wants to stay in the game but he wants to grow so he’s bidding up inputs and more importantly land rents because if you don’t have the land, then you’re out of the game. Revenues continue to be good, in general so the farm cash flow has meat on the bone and where there is meat on the bone, the dogs come chewing. Seed costs are higher every year and sometimes much higher. Equipment costs have gone FREAKIN’ PARABOLIC. Land rents have skyrocketed. Since many farmers are self-insured, health insurance prices have… well you know what they’ve done. Much of this expansion has been done with debt financing on equipment meaning that while the interest rates are low, interest costs are accumulating. You see, there HAS been demand for debt from agriculture and the lenders have seen positive cash flows and the revenue safety net of crop insurance as courage to continue to lend to farmers.
Let’s take a detour for a moment here – banks have wanted to lend money but “conservatively” and if the average consumer really hasn’t had the appetite for borrowing money, that makes it a difficult task. If you’re a regional bank or small town bank and you can lend out money on 10-12 month agricultural operating notes to the tune of $500k-2.5 mil each isn’t it much easier to put $10-20 mil to work than if you were dealing with making retail loans for cars, houses, etc particularly since those loans are longer maturity loans? What if you could effectively put $20 mil out in annual operating loans with 12 month or less maturities at 4.5-5.5% via 25-30 loans PLUS the person borrowing it has 75% revenue protection bought via crop insurance as well as land & equipment collateralizing the notes at a time that equipment and land prices are zooming into the stratosphere?!?!?!?!?!
You see, the ag community kept growing and the appetite for debt was there from the start but encouraged by federally subsidized crop insurance. Lenders needed to put money to work and they found it too easy NOT to make large operating notes that renewed annually at decent interest rates to individuals/businesses that were a) looking at positive cash flows, b) partially protected by federally subsidized crop revenue protection in the form of crop insurance and c) collateralized by rapidly appreciating assets (equipment & land). Farmers get to expand, rural America gets a hand, bankers put money to work and everyone lives happily ever after…
Until commodity prices come under pressure because the supply side gets overstimulated, revenue side drops dramatically while the cost side remains sticky and then we get the massive transfer of equity from the farmer to a variety of beneficiaries including a) banks in the form of interest, b) landlords in the form of higher rent and higher asset(land) values, c) equipment companies in the form of inflated revenues due to inflated equipment prices, d) input providers in the form of higher prices for seed, chemical and fertilizer… all being transferred from the farmer’s balance sheet.
Then you add in the intangible side to the equation: what is the farmer going to do if he decides to quit because he doesn’t want to take all of these risks? If he decides NOT to farm because he sees what is happening in terms of greater and greater risks to his equity what is he going to do to put food on his table? If he doesn’t pay the extra $25/ac land rent to keep a neighbor from renting it out from under him he’ll lose the land and then what will he do? There are only so many jobs “in town” to get and rural America is drying up so what will he do? You see, here is the hard part. He made the decision to get in or stay in the rat race even when he knew that the numbers didn’t make sense because he didn’t see a viable “plan B” and there was a banker standing there able and willing to continue to give him more and more rope until he finally hanged himself when the mouse trap flipped on him.
THAT, fine sir, is where we are today in US agriculture.
I apologize that this turned out as lengthy as it did BUT I felt that it was a worthwhile exercise to put these thoughts into email and share them with you because you are a student of the markets and also because you will hopefully be joining us for our Commodity Roundtable in January so a better framing of the situation might help you understand the circumstances they are facing.
As a macroeconomist, how do we work out from under this situation? What is the roadmap for the US farmer? Higher commodity prices are a temporary fix as we’ve seen because as long as the money is available (available credit) and affordable (low interest rates) the inflationary explosion continues on the cost/input side of the equation. Currently we’re shrinking farmer balance sheets until banks won’t be able to lend to them any longer at which time the decisions will be made FOR the farmer not BY the farmer.
Brilliant! I mean, f’ng brilliant. Shaeffer completely nailed it. The government’s subsidies have created a situation where far too much credit has been extended to an industry. This has caused inflation in prices of the inputs that go into farming, but not the output.
Want another example? Have a look at Student Loans versus tuition inflation.
Tuition inflation has greatly outpaced regular CPI, but it has gone hand in hand with the growth of student debt. Over allocations of credit have peculiar effects on the pricing of both the inputs and the outputs of the affected area.
What to do about it?
Now I am not sure what to do about Shaeffer’s deduction. As long as subsidies exist, it seems that too much money will be allocated to agriculture loans, and will therefore, keep grain prices lower.
But here’s a thought. Over the past half dozen years, there has been little demand for loans in the regular economy. This has encouraged bankers to lend to farmers with their government backstop.
Yet what will happen if economic activity picks up? Loan demand across all sectors will increase, decreasing the amount of credit that will be extended to farmers. This will occur at a terrible time as grain prices are near rock bottom levels. Unfortunately, without as much credit, many of these farmers might be forced to quit. However, that will cause the price of the grains to rally. Maybe to a more sustainable level where farmers can once again make a living. Ironically, rising interest rates, might be the best thing for both farmers, and grain prices.
Wait! Did I just make another bullish argument for buying grains?
Yeah, yeah, I did. As Richard Dreyfuss taught me so well, let it ride…
Market On Close in December
What’s that famous Wall Street saying? The dumb money trades in the morning, the smart money trades at the close. Well, astute market watcher Helene Meisler recently highlighted that the Market on Close (MOC) imbalances have consistently been to the sell side lately.
In fact, every single day in December has seen MOC sell imbalances.
Institutions often trade at the close, while the public is more prone to trading closer to the open. There has even been an indicator created to measure this phenomenon.
If we look at the SMART Index, the late day selling shows up clearly with a big retreat from the highs.
So far, the stock market has not followed the SMART Index lower in any meaningful way. But don’t worry, I am sure this distribution by institutions is somehow bullish. After all, don’t you know? Stocks only go higher.
A Perfect Forecast
While I am on the topic of the stock market, earlier in the week Meb Faber noted that Barrons reported:
These strategists are usually bullish, so it’s not terribly surprising. But it does smack of another period when universal optimism also reigned. At the end of 2007, the S&P 500 stood at 1468 and Wall Street’s smartest had the following forecasts:
And where did it close? Down 38.5% to 903. Ooops. Just a little off.
Similar to the 1920’s. The US Farmers leveraged up, commodity prices fell during the entire 1920’s. No crop insurance then. Hmmmm crop ins/mortgage ins/govt involvement. Distorting the free mkt. Policy generally has unintended/unforeseen consequences. Perhaps consequences that come about with a blind eye.
My comment comes from a five decade background in advanced food production technologies development. I think the article is only partially correct. It is absolutely accurate regarding the US family owned farm. It is less correct regarding economic outcomes – regarding US farms owned by large corporations and multinationals.
All farmed crops (species) have very critical economies-of-scales affecting their margins and in recent decades economically optimizing those economies-of-scales have enabled large multi-national farming operations to become totally, or at least partially vertically integrated (fertilizer, seed, processing, storage, transportation and energy) producing the absolute minimum product costs – in the most major cost sensitive production cost categories. Smaller scale and non-vertically integrated family farmers simply cannot compete because they are scale and integration limited and can not reduce their production costs compared to larger scaled enterprises. Worse – they are often services and materials parasitized – by some of the same large multinational ag. companies that they compete with in their product market places.
Americans have a love affair with the pastoral perspective of the family farmer. While there may be many attractive and admirable attributes to family farm life – economically, that perspective is economically dysfunctional and a growing myth. Beyond artificial economies – government regulation and family farm subsidies – the current optimized economies-of-scale, vertical integration, economic efficiency and just plain basic math – will continue to allow larger operations to displace the family owned farming business – not just in the US, but in “free” economies around the world.
In 1870 more than 50% of the US work force was involved in food production. Today less than 2% of the population is employed on farms (and as of 2009 – 50% of the farm labor force had no legal documentation). Farming is hard and relatively dangerous work – between 1-2 people die from farm related injuries everyday in the US. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States#Employment)
Essentially, small family farm life is becoming a genetic memory in the current population. Like most memories – over time – only the good times are remembered. So, it is perhaps ironic that in the US – where its “capitalistic market place” has always been revered as the great omnipotent economic mediator, is now often seen as somehow “evil,” “unfair,” and “mean” – as basic insensitive economic mathematics displace smaller less cost efficient business everywhere – family farmers included. The end result and as observed in the article are lower product prices for the majority. This will continue to until we reach the limitations imposed by finite critical resource depletions – give or take – 30 years or so.
Dugger, thank you for outstamding post, Learned from it.
It is interesting that traders are having the same discussion as that taking place in coffee shops across the farm belt.
Speaking as a wheat producer, I would suggest that the ARC/PLC programs have tipped the scales beyond what might have been expected from crop insurance impacts. In certain production area’s, CSP has also been a factor. Any program providing income beyond that of crop receipts will extend these cycles.
While agreeing with Durwood to a certain extent, I would qualify impacts depending on operational structure. A producer with significant holdings of land and equipment free of debt will survive for an extended period during these cycles. This is regardless of structure. A producer with significant rental acres, or debt of some nature, will be washed out whether a family farm or more industrial.
Taking advantage of technology; I can farm a significant number of acres today beyond that of when I first harvested in my teen’s. I remain sound enough of mind to compete while marketing against others. The one weakness the smaller producer has today is that of input purchasing. Durwood correctly states that I can’t compete against those purchasing in significant volume, or those vertically integrated.
Beyond banks asking for more collateral; land rent, and land value, should decline before the cycle is reversed.
Walter L. Powell
Lewis and Lee Land
Walter, consider that some multinationals own all the sources of their major inputs – directly and indirectly perhaps including their own banks – or other capitalization resources. On a level playing field – the reduction of operating costs through optimal scaling and vertical integration of the most economically sensitive production costs – are almost mathematically impossible to beat. Over enough time – it is impossible.
Though there is an offset. Some of those multinationals also sell products (seed for example) to smaller less economically optimum producers – and that income may be less risky than totally relying on their own production with its uncontrolled variables. Competition doesn’t always have to favor the just the victor.
I suspect that is the balance that small farmers hang in now – they exist as income stabilizers and risk offsets to the larger producers. Essentially, at the discretion of their economic efficiency, if not just their will.
Any evidence of small farmers mortgaging their farms to buy BitCoin? Or, BitCoin millionaires/billionaires cashing out to buy small farms? Probably not.
Interesting that the same essay is up at Zero Hedge. It’s refreshing to come here and read comments that are not authored by damaged minds.
What is the catalyst that tips the scale towards lower land prices? The point in time when all of farmers equity is effectively transferred to the bank?