Stephanie Kelton Explains Taxes, Debunks National Debt Myth, Talks Dollar Depreciation

Stephanie Kelton needs no introduction.

The face of Modern Monetary Theory in a world suddenly awake to the realities of government finance in currency-issuing nations with high levels of monetary sovereignty, Kelton catapulted to near celebrity status in 2020, as the pandemic compelled policymakers to deliver trillions in stimulus virtually overnight to avert a global depression.

Kelton’s The Deficit Myth became a New York Times bestseller over the summer. It’s a quick read, and the straightforward, at times colloquial, cadence makes it highly amenable to everyday people, no small feat for an economics volume.

If The Deficit Myth reads like a prescription for policymakers suffering from a kind of self-inflicted psychosis, that’s probably because it is.

Although Kelton generally couches the discussion in terms that suggest MMT is, as its name implies, a “theory,” she also emphasizes its descriptive character. And that’s important. MMT is more a description of how government finance works in advanced, currency-issuing economies than it is a “theory.” Much of it is not debatable. Kelton knows that, and while she speaks of the “MMT lens” (which ostensibly suggests it’s a way of looking at the world) an inescapable sense of certitude runs throughout the book’s 263 pages.

Make no mistake, Kelton’s conviction is justified. MMT is, in many respects, tautological. The Deficit Myth is replete with truisms. That’s not a criticism. Rather, it’s an indictment of policymakers, both monetary and fiscal, but mostly the latter. When policymakers traffic in myths (which is just a polite euphemism for “lies”) it’s incumbent upon those with the wherewithal to expose flawed thinking to do so, and no tool is more powerful in that regard than a truism.

In the simplest possible terms, when you present someone with a truism that runs counter to what they’ve been told by policymakers and officials, it forces the abandonment of the myth.

Nobody can deny a tautology. It’s impossible. The Deficit Myth is full of statements that are true because they have to be. And yet, most of them run counter to conventional “wisdom” on government finances. Therein lies what some have tacitly suggested is the “danger” inherent in Kelton’s book and, by extension, her marathon speaking, writing, and interview engagements. Although you can try, debating Kelton on many points isn’t really possible because, again, she isn’t presenting a “theory” as much as she is describing reality.

Importantly, Kelton is an economist. A real one. Unlike so many television pundits, White House advisors, Wall Street analysts, and myriad commentators who masquerade as “economists” for a living, Kelton is a published and accomplished academic. She also has first-hand, on-the-ground experience with how government spending works. Kelton was chief economist on the US Senate Budget Committee in 2015.

None of the above is meant to present Kelton as some sort of infallible Pythia. Rather, the point is that she is a trained economist with real-life experience in the US budget process, writing and speaking in an accessible way about the realities of government finance at the most critical juncture for fiscal policymaking in at least a century. And she’s essentially telling you that everything you thought you knew about the subject isn’t just wrong because she has a better “theory,” she’s telling you it’s wrong because it doesn’t reflect reality.

With that in mind, Kelton was a guest on the MacroVoices podcast with Erik Townsend and Patrick Ceresna this week. One imagines they had to wait in line for this one. It’s important to note that Kelton has seemingly tried to make herself available to anyone and everyone seeking enlightenment (as it were) over the last several months. The list of cameos is now so long that there’s little utility in trying to enumerate them all. She was with Grant’s Interest Rate Observer last week, for example, and even chatted with Anthony Scaramucci over the summer. This is an exceedingly rare case where someone whose words grace the pages of Bloomberg, the Financial Times, The New York Times, The Los Angeles Times, and a who’s who other large publications, can also be found spreading the proverbial gospel on podcasts and even on Twitter, where Kelton is reasonably prolific for a New York Times bestselling author.

Her discussion with Townsend covers the topics listed below. Many readers (both in comments and in e-mails) have asked these same questions, so I imagine hearing the answers straight from Kelton will be appreciated.

  • Why is using taxes to pay for government spending a myth?
  • If the government can print money, why are taxes still necessary? 
  • What measures does MMT use to overcome inflation risk? 
  • Debunking the myth that the future generation will have to pay for the current national debt 
  • Is there a risk of dilution in value of dollars due to government money printing?
  • What are the constraints of MMT?

Erik and Patrick are generous enough to allow me to republish the full transcript of the interview with Kelton. The audio is embedded as well. As always, their generosity in that regard is appreciated, and you can check out more from MacroVoices here.


Stephanie Kelton on Modern Monetary Theory

October 22nd 2020

Erik: Joining me now is bestselling author Professor Stephanie Kelton, widely known both as an expert on modern monetary theory and I would say even more so as one of the most active promoters of modern monetary theory in the public policy arena. Dr. Kelton, thank you so much for joining us, the book of course is called “The Deficit Myth: Modern Monetary Theory and the Birth of the People’s Economy”.

So I want to dive right in to the six myths that you bust in the book and talk about the first one which is that for years and years we’ve had this debate in public policy, where everybody says, okay, we’ve got too much debt. The political left says that’s because we’re not taxing the rich enough and the political right says it’s because we’re spending too much. But both sides historically have generally been willing to agree that expanding the national debt is a big problem, you’ve got to balance the budget.

You say that’s not really true, particularly for monetary sovereigns like the United States that control their own currency. So why that distinction? And why is it a myth that it’s important to pay for what we spend or what the government spends through taxes?

Stephanie: First, thanks for having me on. Let’s just jump right into the very last question that you asked, you know, this idea that governments have to pay for things and the way that I was taught when I was a graduate student studying economics and the way that the vast majority of students today are taught that the government faces a budget constraint. Right? And that governments have choices when it comes to how to pay for their spending — that a government can pay for its spending with tax revenue. And if they need to spend more, or wish to spend more, then one option is to raise taxes to come up with the money in order to pay for that additional spending. The other option is that governments can borrow, and so they can go to savers and they can borrow to finance the spending that way. And then the third option, which is the one that quickly gets buried under the rug, is the recognition, ‘Well, of course, a sovereign government, if it has its own currency, could always print money and pay the bills that way.’

And so there is this menu of options, three choices, ‘Which one will the government choose to pay its bills?’

MMT comes along and says, wait a minute, if we look operationally at how government finance actually works, we learn — we discover —  that there’s really only one way to pay. That all government spending — I’m talking federal government spending, so for a government like the US or the UK or Australia or Japan — that there is only one way to pay. That all government spending is indeed already, and only ever, paid for — financed — with new money creation. There’s no other way for it to work.

And so once you get that recognition, once you kind of arrive at that point, then you sort of scratch your head and say, ‘Well, then what are the taxes and bond part? What’s that about?’

And it took — I will admit — it took me a while to get to that point. I think the first or second peer reviewed article that I ever published was titled “Do Taxes and Bonds Finance Government Spending?,” because, again, as a graduate student I was taught that’s exactly what they do. And it was only later when I encountered the work of Warren Mosler that I began to question my own understanding of how government finance works. And then, after a period of months, really working my way through this stuff — the mechanics of government finance — I was able to persuade myself that I had the ordering — the sequencing — wrong, and that the government spends new money into existence. And only after it has spent those dollars into existence are they then available to either pay taxes or buy government bonds.

Erik: Now, let’s go a little bit deeper on those taxes and bonds because what a lot of people would say is, well, if you figured out that there’s kind of a magic source of income here and we don’t need those taxes. Let’s eliminate taxes and never have them again, because we don’t need taxes, we can print new money. But the study of MMT says actually taxes are very important, but maybe for an unobvious reason pertaining to inflation. So why do we still need taxes?

Stephanie: Okay, well, remember I just want to take one tiny step back and just sort of reassert the point that it’s not that we can print money. It’s that there is no other way for the government to spend but to create new money as it’s spent. So it’s newly-created digital dollars, and there’s no other way for it to work.

And so your question is a very good one. Once you recognize that the government spends its currency into existence, then you say, ‘Well, then why do we have to pay any taxes at all? Why not just let the government spend and forget the tax piece?’, which, by the way, is exactly what Congress has been doing.

Let’s just take the CARES Act as one example, the biggest relief package that has so far gotten through both the House and the Senate and signed into law. That was $2.2 trillion. And that bill was Congress writing what we in the DC beltway circles call a “clean bill.” In other words, it was not offset — the spending was not offset. Congress said, ‘Listen up Fed: We are ordering up $2.2 trillion, get ready, because you’re going to carry out the payments that we have authorized on behalf of the US Treasury.’ That’s how it works.

So, this is an example of Congress committing to spending money it did not have. What it has is the power of the purse. It can commit to spending $2.2 trillion. And the Fed, as the government’s fiscal agent, will carry out those payments by changing the numbers in the appropriate bank account. So, for people who got that $1,200 stimulus check, the way that the money got into your account is that the Federal Reserve, and the bank that you bank at, changed the numbers upward in your account. And so there was no pairing of higher taxes to go along with this, so why do we sometimes increase taxes? Why do we have taxes at all?

So in the book, I go into a lot of detail on this, if you wanted to start up a currency from scratch, then a tax or something like it — fees, fines, other obligations governments impose — to get a population of people in a position where they need to earn the state’s currency in order to settle their tax or other obligation to the state. And we could talk a lot about this, but we don’t have time, so I’ll just say that one reason for taxes is that they allow governments to start up a currency from scratch.

Once that currency has been started up and now people are accustomed to having this currency around, they begin making their own payments and transacting in that currency, right? And the government can use the tax lever to pull some of those dollars back out of our hands.

So taxes are important, because they’re one way that the government can reduce the purchasing power of all the other spenders in the economy. So if the government wants to come in and do a big ambitious infrastructure project and spend trillions of dollars into the economy, it might be worried that spending trillions of dollars could push prices higher — could lead to inflationary pressure. And to offset or mitigate the inflationary pressure, it matches up some of its new spending with higher taxes. So it makes room for the government to be able to spend those dollars into the economy without creating inflationary pressures.

Taxes are important because they allow government to pull a lever if it’s interested in rebalancing the distribution of wealth and income. You say, ‘I’m going to put this new tax on or push this existing tax higher because I think the distribution of wealth and income has become so extreme that we want to try to rebalance things.’

So governments use taxes for things like that. And then finally, you can use taxes to incentivize or disincentivize behavior in the economy. So gas tax, carbon tax, earned income tax credit, I mean, you can work it both ways to try to get people to do or not do certain things. So lots of important reasons for taxes. But in MMT, the one way that we do not think of taxes, is as a source of revenue to pay the government’s bills.

Erik: Now, I know that one of the ways that you do think about taxes in MMT is as a preventive measure to overcome the tendency of that spending to bring about inflation. What I haven’t seen addressed and maybe I just haven’t read enough about it is, wait a minute, inflation tends to be a vicious cycle with a long lead time.

That has to do with inflation leading to inflation expectations, leading to acceleration of velocity of money, and it feeds on itself and once it gets going, it’s hard to break it. So it seems to me like I worry about whether, how do you know the taxes enough to prevent that cycle from starting and how do you break out of that cycle. If some of the money that’s being created through MMT by the government financing more of its spending just by printing new money does start to lead to that widespread inflation?

The other problem that I have understanding this inflation argument is at least some people, and maybe this is the politicians as opposed to the MMT scholars are saying, well, it’s really what we have to do to prevent the inflation, we’ve got to tax the rich specifically. Tax the rich, well, wait a minute, the rich are the people whose spending habits are not really directly impacted by their tax burden and their inflation because they’ve got enough assets that they can continue spending.

So how do you overcome the potential of creating a vicious cycle of inflation? Is it just taxes? Or are there other measures that MMT uses to overcome that inflation risk?

Stephanie: Okay, so let me start by saying there’s a terrific, short, accessible piece, but your audience is very smart so they can handle the higher order stuff. There’s a piece in the Financial Times, that was coauthored by three MMT scholars. I think the title of the piece is something like “How MMT Thinks About Inflation” or “How MMT manages inflation”. Something along those lines. I wouldn’t have time to do it all justice here.

But look, okay, let’s start by recognizing that inflation, as you say, is a dynamic process, it is a continuous increase in the price level, it’s not a one off. It’s a complex phenomenon, there isn’t an economist on Earth who can write down for you a model of inflation that will apply in all times across space and time. Nobody can do it.

Daniel Tarullo, who was a Fed Board of Governors member, he rolled off the board of governors and went out and one of the early speeches he gave just made huge headlines because he went out and he said, ‘The Fed does not have a working model of inflation, we don’t know.’

So I know that economists, I’m one, wave their hands around and use the phrase ‘inflation expectations,’ but I’ll be honest with you, it’s pretty much baloney. It’s what we hide behind when we run out of realistic things to say. So once upon a time, there was a quantity theory of money and man, you could write that equation down, everybody could see it. And you said, inflation happens because velocity is constant, and the real economy tends to full employment, and once you apply a little calculus to the quantity theory — to the equation — then you know that inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon. Money supply growth rate accelerates, inflation will accelerate to the same degree.

Well, that’s clearly silly and wrong. And you know, we have a decade of experience with QE where people who relied on that thinking expected quantitative easing to drive inflation or possibly hyperinflation. Of course, it didn’t do any of that.

Then you had the Phillips Curve and you say, ‘Well, it’s the Phillips Curve, that’s the model. I’ll write that down and that’s my inflation model.’ Well, listen, nobody believes this stuff anymore and you can expectations-augment the Phillips Curve all you want, and it still isn’t workable.

So, I don’t believe that we should think of inflation as something that happens because expectations become unanchored and people formulate ideas about where prices are headed, and then it becomes self-fulfilling. That’s just silly stuff that we make up. I think we need to be more serious than that. Prices change because producers raise prices — people change prices. They don’t just happen and they certainly don’t just happen across all categories of consumer goods, so let’s think a little bit harder.

If I go down stairs after this interview — and I hope this doesn’t happen — but if I go downstairs and find my basement is flooded, I don’t just run to one part of the house and say, ‘Oh, I have to stop the flooding in the basement.’ I don’t know what caused the flooding in the basement. I don’t know if a kid left a faucet running, if a toilet overflowed, if a pipe burst, if you know, the dishwasher is leaking, I’ve got to find the source of the problem. And I think that’s the way we in MMT think about inflationary pressures. You have to look under the hood, you have to go to what is driving that headline price inflation.

I’ll give you just one quick example. The Supreme Court’s going to take up the case on the Affordable Care Act. That’s going to happen soon. And there is a chance that the Supreme Court will say the ACA is unconstitutional, and provisions like protections against pre-existing conditions, that could go away. Some of the cost controls around medical reimbursements and prescription drug prices and so forth. That cost containment could go away. And people who look at the US experience in recent years post-ACA compared to the years immediately before the Affordable Care Act passed, People say, ‘Listen, the Affordable Care Act took us a long way toward constraining inflationary pressures in this period, because there were all these controls.’

Now, let go of all that stuff, imagine that health insurance companies are free to raise premiums and price discriminate based on pre-existing conditions and pharma companies can be more aggressive with prescription drug prices and so forth. You can easily imagine headline inflation ticking up for those reasons. Now, how would you fight that? I mean, would it make sense to say raise taxes in order to combat that kind of inflationary pressure? I think that’s crazy. But would it make sense to say the Fed should raise interest rates to fight that? That’s equally crazy.

So when I talk about inflation, and when we in the MMT scholarly community talk about it, it’s a much more nuanced conversation. Because you have to recognize that, there are things you can do on the regulatory side. There are a lot of non-fiscal — doesn’t have to do with cutting government spending or raising taxes — ways to deal with inflationary pressure, but you’ve got to know what’s causing it.

Erik: I want to move on to what you actually have identified as the next myth in the book, which would also be the feedback that you’d probably get from a lot of people who would say, look, what you’re talking about doing here amounts to stealing from future generations. You’re just scribing away without having to raise taxes, which makes it more politically viable for the government to spend more money that we don’t have and increase the national debt. That’s going to have to be paid off someday by our children and grandchildren, that’s immoral. Why is that a myth?

Stephanie: [Laughs]. Well, it’s a myth because none of it makes any sense whatsoever. I mean, I’m sorry, I’ll just be as kind of upfront and candid as I can. I think that’s just really silly.

And I know that it’s common, and I know that people repeat it and I know that sometimes serious people repeat these kinds of things. So this falls right back into the household analogy — right back into that trap of thinking like ‘government as a household.’ And when we use words like ‘borrowing,’ like ‘paying it back,’ calling this thing the ‘debt,’ we are falling back into that household trap. The Federal Government’s nothing like a household. It doesn’t operate its budget like a household.

So here’s just one example. Okay, when the government runs a deficit, it matches up the deficit spending by selling Treasuries, right? We know that. And that’s something it chooses to do, not something it must do. A sovereign government doesn’t need to borrow its own currency from anyone in order to spend. But the government currently matches up its deficit spending with bond sales. So what happens? The government spends $100 into the economy, taxes let’s say $90 back out, we say the government has run a deficit. We look at it as a shortfall. It’s not a shortfall. The government’s the scorekeeper for the dollar, right? It’s adding 100 and subtracting 90, somebody gets 10 points — those $10.

Now the government comes along and says, ‘Well, because I ran a deficit, I’m going to sell these Treasuries,’ which means the government is going to subtract back out the $10 and replace them with 10 Treasuries. So, the way that I look at it isn’t that the government is borrowing in any meaningful sense — if I go to a bank for a loan and I sit down with the loan officer, I don’t plop the money down on the desk in front of the loan officer and then ask for the loan. I came there because I don’t have the money. That’s why I’m there to borrow. The federal government is the issuer of the currency. It doesn’t borrow because it doesn’t have the money. What it’s doing is first supplying its currency and then transforming those dollars into a different financial instrument — US Treasuries. So it’s allowing us to hold dollars that amplify themselves over time, right? Those are amplifying dollars. Why? Because they pay interest.

So I look at the Treasuries as a form of payment, not a form of debt. There’s nothing being borrowed, there’s something being paid out. And when the Treasury matures — when the bond matures — it simply converts back into its original form. It converts back to the currency form.

So ‘paying it back,’ quote, unquote, involves nothing more than shifting funds from one account at the Fed, a securities account, into what’s effectively a checking account — a reserve account at the Fed. That’s all [it means] to quote, unquote ‘pay it back.’

But I think that we have a communications problem. We don’t have a debt problem. We just have chosen very unhelpful words to narrate what’s actually taking place.

Erik: Well, if we don’t think of it in terms of actual debt and as you say we can just print the money in order to pay expenses. And it’s only a convenience that we happen to articulate that through a debt transaction, at least in the current system.

Well, hang on a second, doesn’t printing that money dilute the value of the money that everyone who owns money has? And therefore, isn’t it really a form of tax on the wealth of everyone holding dollars?

Stephanie: So look, it isn’t a simple thing. I know a lot of people think in their heads there’s this supply and demand framework. And that if you have more supply of anything, then that automatically pushes prices down — the value of the thing goes down. But no, I mean it depends what happens with those dollars.

So first, every deficit is good for someone. In financial terms, the government’s deficit is a deposit. It is a financial contribution to some other part of the economy. Now, every deficit is good for someone, but deficits do different things, right. For whom? Who gets that contribution? And what is it being used to accomplish somewhere in the economy?

So if the government’s making investments in, you know, infrastructure and education and R&D, those are the three categories where economists by and large agree that you get the greatest long-term benefit from that kind of spending. In other words, if you’re worried about the value of the dollar going down over time because the government is spending, how about recognizing that certain kinds of government spending, actually improve long term productivity and boost potential real wealth, real output.

So no, there’s no simple, ‘If the government spends more, then the value of the currency goes down.’ You can have a much stronger economy as a consequence, and a much stronger currency along with that.

Erik: Professor Kelton, I haven’t gotten even to all six myths in the book but I want to jump ahead because I know you’ve got a very tight scheduled today and just a couple more minutes for us. I think that your voice, you’re extremely articulate, you’re very persuasive in your arguments, I won’t be at all surprised if you replace Janet Yellen as the most influential woman in the history of Finance.

Let’s pretend that that comes true, what do you want to be remembered for changing? How does the world or particularly the US government need to change if you were in charge and applying MMT to make the world a better place?

Stephanie: Well, boy, Eric, look I get frustrated by the nature of the debates that take place in this country and around the world. And I think, for me, a lot of this is just gratuitous suffering — it is just the worst kind of suffering, because we have the capacity to do better, and to do better by our fellow Americans. To do better by others. And if we can improve economic life for millions of people without creating harm, why wouldn’t we do that?

And so I would like to see us begin to have a better debate, you know, without reference to the sort of things we’ve been talking about, some of these myths. That ‘We can’t do x, y and z because there’s no money to do it.’ Or, ‘We can’t do these things because China won’t lend us the dollars.’ Or, ‘We can’t do these things because the future generations are already too burdened by debt.’

I want to clear through all of that and get us to a place where we have a more constructive, fruitful, national debate about what our priorities are. What is the proper role of government? What programs are we, collectively, willing to support? And in terms of our nation’s real resource capacity, what can we afford to do?

And so if we could just get to the point where we start having the debate on the right kind of playing field, with the right limits in mind, that’s sort of what I’m after. I don’t have greater ambitions, in a sense, than trying to help to open up space to have that better debate.

Erik: One of the myths that you have in the book is entitlement programs like Social Security and Medicare are financially unsustainable. We don’t have time to get into that but I just want to ask, what is the constraining factor? And obviously, if we really can’t afford those things, we can print money.

Why stop with social security and medicare? Why not have a Mercedes and maybe a private jet for every single citizen, there’s got to be some reason to stop. Is it just the risk of inflation? Or are there other constraints?

Stephanie: Well, I mean, there are political constraints, but the relevant constraint is inflation, it is our nation’s real resource capacity. It’s how many people do you have that are of working age and capable of working and producing in the economy? How many factories, buildings, machines, what are your raw materials, what is your state of technology? You’ll combine all of the real resources you have and that tells you what you’re capable of domestically, right? And then the US has the good fortune of also being able to tap productive capacity in other parts of the world, because the rest of the world is willing to produce for us. They will accept the dollar and we can have access to some of their productive capacity too.

So with respect to seniors, if we want to care for seniors in a way that makes us proud to call ourselves Americans, we say we have this retirement security system in place called Social Security. People are always talking about how it’s unsustainable, we’re going to have to make tough choices and cut benefits or means-test the program so that everybody doesn’t get to benefit from Social Security. That’s all wrong.

I mean, Alan Greenspan told us how wrong that was years ago, testifying before Congress under oath when he got a question from then Congressman Paul Ryan who said, ‘Look, Social Security is going broke, we gotta do something about this, don’t you agree, Mr. Chairman?’ And Greenspan leaned into the microphone, and I thought he gave the most brilliant and honest answer. And he said to Paul Ryan, ‘I don’t agree,’ he said, ‘There is nothing about the way the system is set up today that is financially unsustainable.’ His exact words were: “There’s nothing to prevent the federal government from creating as much money as it wants and paying it to someone.”

Okay, that is the first point he made. But the second point is the really important one. He said, the question is, ‘How do you set up a system which assures that the real assets are created, which those benefits are employed to purchase?’ And what he meant is that we have changing demographics. And the demographic changes have been underway for a long time. On average, everyday in America 10,000 people hit the age of 65. Okay, they can move into retirement if they want to at that point. And Greenspan said, you know, basically we’re being left with a shrinking population of people to produce the ‘stuff’ — to actually kick out the goods and services in the economy — and a growing population of retirees. If we continue to mail checks, or deposit digital dollars, in their bank accounts, those seniors can turn around and spend that money into the economy competing with all other spenders in the economy.

So for Greenspan, like every central banker in the world, inflation is the thing you worry about. And Greenspan’s looking at this and saying, ‘How do we know that in the future, 10, 20, 30 years from now, when those checks go out, the US is going to be a productive enough economy to produce all the goods and services that both seniors and the current working population want and need?’ If that’s the case, if we are productive enough, there’s no problem –keep the system running, you can even make it more generous. The risk is, if we are not a productive enough economy going forward, then all we end up with is more intense competition for a dwindling pool of real goods and services, and hence, an inflation problem.

So, you know, it seems to me the fight over Social Security should be about which political party has a better plan to increase the probability that in 10, 20, 30 years, we are a productive enough economy to kick those goods and services out. To allow seniors to have a sustained standard of living in retirement and to raise living standards for working people going forward.

We just need a productive enough economy. We ought to argue over who has the best economic platform to get us there.

Erik: Professor Kelton, I know that we’ve already gone past the hard stop in your schedule, I can’t tell you how much we appreciate a terrific interview listeners. The book is “The Deficit Myth” by Professor Stephanie Kelton. It’s also available in audiobook form narrated personally by Professor Kelton Stephanie, anything you want to add before I let you go?

Stephanie: No, I mean, like everybody probably listening, waiting on pins and needles to see whether Congress is going to come through with another relief package. That’s kind of the thing that weighs on my mind right now.

Erik: Well, I can’t thank you enough for a terrific interview.

 


 

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27 thoughts on “Stephanie Kelton Explains Taxes, Debunks National Debt Myth, Talks Dollar Depreciation

  1. Thank you H for bringing MMT and Stephanie Kelton and into my life over the past years.

    In high school I took the course “Higher Level Economics” (which is the limit on how far I progressed academically in this area). I distinctly remember one moment in class where I proposed that taxation isn’t necessary and we should simply create money and pay by inflation, but was ridiculed for this (for the wrong reasons) since it was seemingly axiomatically horrible to run deficits. In hindsight it seems that if only I had been more persistent I might have come up with MMT myself. 😉

  2. In this interview Stephanie points out how we currently can’t predict inflation, but then goes on to say the whole theory of MMT only works if once the inevitable inflation starts, that we then are able to find what’s causing inflation to happen where it’s happening, to then fix it. This seems like a bit of a contradiction and improbable outcome to assume we will be able to solve for and control a variable we already are unable to. Any thought on how Stephanie assumes we go from a lack of inflation understanding/predictability to a future where the whole system relies in our ability to figure out and solve for inflation?

    1. William, the broader answer to that question is what Greenspan said, how do you continue to ensure growth of productive capacity? I’m not persuaded that overall inflation can be controlled simply by looking specific changes in the ACA for example.Although understanding that may be useful for not over reacting to sudden blips up or down

    2. William, I see two distinctions she makes. Firstly, she is highlighting that there is no universal theory of inflation (as suggested by Friedman, or to be fair the oversimplification of Friedman that is commonly used), but notes that there are many different causes: input driven (eg the oil shock), demand driven (such as excessive government spending), regulatory (eg the ACA example above)… Secondly, following on from that there is a distinction between knowing what causes inflation in advance and recognizing what has caused the inflation you are currently experiencing.

  3. My takeaway from her argument with respect to inflation is that while taxation is a control on inflation, a more nuanced tax environment which will help control it in MMT – to use a scalpel rather than the current broadsword approach.

    Rather than just “raising taxes,” it becomes a more nuanced approach of what measures can be put in place to disincentivize the behavior which is leading to inflation (taxes, regulation, other measures, etc.). The final point she made about Social Security crystalized the idea for me, which is to say if you can disincentivize the behavior, and maintain a productive and growing economy such that by creating money now it enables future productivity at a rate that is commensurate with, or exceeds the proportion of new money created by the government inflation is still present, but it’s managed because you’re matching it to economic productivity, as enabled by the new money going into the system. The risk seems to be if the economy shrinks and MMT is still pumping money into the system, you end up in a possible inflation (or hyperinflation) spiral.

    I’m not an economist (or even a true “finance person), so my interpretation may be off – and if it is, someone please correct me. This topic is fascinating to me, and I want to make sure I have the correct understanding of it.

    1. One point its not so much “the economy shrinks” so much as “the productive capacity of the economy is too small”. The economy can shrink due to a lack of demand, leaving productive resources unused.

  4. H

    Now I know why you find this woman so interesting. My econ school days were 1964-69. I didn’t buy most of it then and I could never find anyone to clarify what I couldn’t without it sounding like a con. Dr. Kelton clarifies her views most clearly. Old bad ideas like supply side and trickle down BS are hard to make disappear. That the govt should be like your household or a business is garbage. I worked with many banks over the years and one of their biggest sources of income was overdraft fees (the average account holder at US commercial banks contributes $600/mo in fees. Half the population doesn’t have any money. This is our model? Forty percent of the country’s largest firms have negative tangible net worth. Again, dumb model. The government is its own model. We need to manage it properly but officials in Congress, especially, need to do their homework before they start. (I’ve always thought that all representatives and Senators need to read the entire US Code before they start messing with it. How can one expect to make rules and laws if they don’t know what the rules and laws we have actually say.) Thanks for printing this here. sir.

  5. There’s a lot to learn here, but it’s imperative that we eliminate old ideas that were not based on facts. I appreciate H making this clear, that MMT is not a theory but a more accurate description of what is. Therein lies, perhaps, the biggest monkey wrench in investing and economics – human psychology about which we have only scratched the surface. The Robinhood effect on Hertz stock being one example.

  6. MMT would work extremely well in the hands of an intelligent leader (group of leaders), who understand the advantages and pitfalls and the interplay between printing money, debt and taxes; who understand the need to use money printing productively (even Kelton comments on the importance of how printed dollars are spent) and have a shared vision with the vast majority of the American populace (and a 1,10 and 50 year plan to achieve such shared vision) about the future, especially the economic plan, for the USA. Part of being a great leader is explaining the plan, the reason why it is a good idea and why people should be in favor of such plan.
    Term limits, please.
    Time for a new, visionary group of leaders. There are some out there, but the “entrenched/career” politicians are shutting them down.

  7. I thank you for making this available to us. I hope everyone listened to the video (rather than just the transcript) because it conveyed more nuance and persuasiveness. Also because the post interview talk was very good. I have to agree with Erik Townsend’s criticisms but all the participants acknowledged that the time was way too short.

    1. Of course, if you feel like the time was too short, you might read the book. Or any of the hundred+ other interviews Kelton has conducted. Or read her peer reviewed articles. Or watch the dozens of YouTube videos. And on, and on, and on. There is no shortage of Stephanie. But there is a shortage of people willing to dedicate their time to learning. Which is presumably why not enough people have read Piketty.

      1. I am a believer in MMT, but fear that such a powerful tool might be inadvertently misused in the hands of those with power but who lack understanding and who may not adequately consider long term implications.

        With respect to Piketty- this is what I think about what he says. A progressive tax is fine, but assuming it will be used to grow the middle class, I think that there are 2 ways to grow the middle class (the demise of such class in the US seems to be the root cause of many of our problems)–1. take from the very wealthy and directly give to those below middle class income levels, or 2. take from the wealthy and use the money to provide the opportunity for people to earn middle class status.
        From my life experience, the process of working hard to earn something results in a better outcome (for the individual and for society) than just being given something for minimal effort.

  8. Convincing in many ways. But the system would be up for more abuse once you institutionalise this openly (provided you believe it is what is already in place already in some form). And humans have a propensity to abuse, unfortunately. American independence war was based on “taxation without representation.” Your claim to participate in your rule emanates from your being taxed. So there is a legitimacy problematic. Under MMT, who will decide and how, where the money will flow? Kudos to those who think it will go to education, healthcare and infrastructure but what if it goes into military industrial complex as a sub item in infrastructure? Or to five eyes.? I am not saying the money printed should not go there, but if you support the military/security complex (as an example) without taxing the people (taxing is important but a distant secondary in MMT), and do that long enough, taht military/security complex will no longer be one with the people. It will be its own powerful interest group all the way from Lockheed Martin down to the ROTC- financed university student. Just look at how many revolts the Ottoman Janissaries stirred up because they were not reponsible to the people, but to the state narrowly defined and the sultan, If the source of funding cannot be kept going without depreciation of currency (end of loot income, or captured lands’ distribution) some very powerful entities becone very very unhappy. Prof Kelton’s non theory needs a very accurate social contract which is rock solid, transparent and clockwork accurate for it to work.

  9. I’ve transitioned in the last several years on views of the theory / practice of MMT and for that matter the works of Kelton the distinguished Academic… The fact that we are practicing MMT at this point and not arguing theory is because prior existing Economic Theories have failed but not because the proponents of those systems were not also distinguished Academics ( like Kelton) in most cases.
    I think the causes of failure in prior accepted Economic theory lies in related Sciences namely Sociology , Demographics , Politics and the ever changing Geopolitical landscape which can dictate at the proverbial snails pace.
    A changing World is the constant here and the inevitable attempts at stability require revolutionary thinking as we see here..

    Everything man attempts has intended or unintended consequences as will practice of MMT… What we are going through currently will not be the exception to this rule merely confirmation of past History.

  10. What’s somewhat disheartening is that no matter how explicitly this is explained, most people still refuse to accept this simple fact: This is how it already works and how it always has worked. It isn’t a debate. It. Just. Is.

    1. Yes, but who knows and who cares? Bringing up the topic with university educated friends just brings up blank looks. And bringing in Piketty will fuel the monied “left wing crazy talk” narrative. The few politicians who vaguely understand don’t, can’t, won’t acknowledge it due to fear of backlash from the unawakened.

      1. Who cares how money works? Everyone. And why is it “crazy talk” to want good outcomes for large numbers of people? Why is that “crazy?” What’s crazy is what we have now (in America, I mean). This is why we need new politicians — because the ones we have have created the most unequal, unjust society out of all the advanced economies on earth. America is turning into a lamentable experiment gone wrong in the eyes of most of the developed world. If it keeps going like this, it will dissolve within 50 years.

        1. Because suffering and poverty is ‘normal’, ‘just the way the world is’, ‘the proper desert of those people/the lazies’ and indeed good for the moral fiber of the population.

          Can’t have everyone drinking champagne and eating oysters, now, can we?

          Also – most people intuitively think that, if there are winners, there must be losers. And that you cannot make winners out of losers without taking away from the winners.

          Which is kind of true. My main objection to MMT would be that you’re using it to avoid the issue of talking about taxes. It’s not entirely unreasonable given how taxes drive everyone nuts but replacing taxes by inflation to redistribute money seems a bit… I don’t know… shady?

          We should be able to convince people about the benefits of our spending programs and, while no one has to love paying taxes, at least grumblingly agree to pay them as the price of leaving in a civilised society.

      2. Canuck, you are correct that there is a public education element lacking. However I see a great potential for education on this subject to be politicized quickly if the debate goes into the general population too quickly. Repeating it where it can be understood will create a cadre of people who can defend against what is sure to be alarmist disinformation appealing to basic emotions. That academic wonks such as Stephanie are starting to get prime time is as perilous as it is encouraging.

  11. The elephant in the room is Gold and it’s ability to put fear into the mind-set of western thinking. Dalio has been hard at work “proving” that through his research. The brick wall of thinking is gold. But why really? Is FIAT currency such a new way of thinking for humans? Dalio barely mentions gold currency when discussing Chinese Dynasties. Leaves one with the impression that the internal currency was historically FIAT. He offers these pertinent insights to the current Chinese money regime that is at heart, MMT.

    “I will say that it is up to all government leaders in all countries to get the best balance between “state” (i.e., government influence and control of the economy) and “capitalism” (free market control of the economy and capital markets) through the proper management and coordination of monetary and fiscal policy. They each do it differently. How the Chinese are doing this can be confusing to people who don’t discuss what they are doing with their policy makers and can’t see the consistencies that exist amid these seeming inconsistencies.” Dalio

    “The key to running a sound currency policy that produces a sound credit system that works for both borrowers and lenders is to not have the currency produce any big rises or declines in relation to either other leading exchange rates or goods and services prices. China has been managing the exchange rates and the interest rates to do that since around 1985″. Dalio

    MMT works through taxes and interest rates. As a previous poster mentioned; this then becomes a mindset conflict between interest rates and full employment. MMT prefers full employment shifting between private and government during economic cycles. The ” Fiscal responsibility” answer allows high unemployment but also GREATLY risks depression and deflation.

  12. Mr H. you are right, I had not seen it. It is how it works. Doing away with myths may even make it harder than before for an asymmetrically powerful interest group to get its way. I hope that a constructive and transparent way can be found to decide and determine what Americans want for their future, and how they want their resources allocated, without distortion. Otherwise all suffer, not just Americans.

  13. I totally agree H…. it already is exactly as theorized and has been operating along those lines for a period of time (undefined ) … I think we understand that … It is also probably in the earlier stages of what arguably could be construed as a level of failure mode… I am not arguing that what has been done especially in post covid19 time to be anything but the most humanitarian and necessary of actions…I am merely saying there will be unknown consequences… Given the circumstances I do not have a better idea , but preemptive would have been in my game plan . We are all served well by your attention to this issue.. I doubt I would be aware of most of this without the help…

  14. MMT is already a $8.5 trillion reality that people do not want to recognize. This Government debt that the Fed owns will never be paid by the Government, nor will the Fed sell these bonds back to the private capital markets.

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